On Kiluan Bay Journey, August 16th – 18th 2008

Kelapa Island waters
Kiluan islands in the Bay – Bay Semaka Tanggamus

By fd agung widodo

By driving a car that I traveled with some friends from Bandar Lampung have take almost 2 hours. Tired feeling was disappear after missing immediately faced with Kelapa Island in the Kiluan Bay that is our goal a few days ago. Blue and fresh water felt in the lungs and liver in the familiar space. I got be surprised when faced by a natural and Kiluan Bay that extends right before my eyes. The Journey is not stopped dipping, Kelapa Island is ± 5 miles before us.

After a check on the vehicle population, and I rent two traditional boat, namely as Jukung; in the population of fishermen to lead and pick us later. One Jukung for goods and one for us. Jukung is efficient sea transport enough and used by the fishermen in the Semaka Bay general. The form is relatively small, round by the end of a long course and stern taper to facilitate a decision for which there are always waves in the Bay Semaka in general. Jukung not forget this is equippe the outrigger; which is in the left and right and useful to help balance the pace boat. With the outrigger in Jukung, confidence will be enough to make travel more convenient sea for our future. our equipment move all and supplies Immediately to the Jukung and sailed to Kelapa Island soon.  With the speed of Jukung ± 1 knots, about 10 minutes with an entourage I have arrived at the island destination. Clean white sand that unfold in the future, as if welcoming us with cloudless arrival. Fatigue and exhaustion after the trip bearable far have been due to the foot touches the edge of the beach we apprehend this.  Kelapa Island known with Kiluan Island has a broad ± 5 ha and a small island in the Kiluan Bay in the parent of Semaka Bay, the Kiluan Village Affairs, Lumbayan Sub-district, Tanggamus district. Glance, the island is not populated. But if move in further into the area landscape, it has been inhabited islands by 1 family, which reputedly has placed this island almost 15 years ago. In general, the island is covered by plains form various of coast vegetation species such as Hamilton (Terminalia cattapa), Waru (Hibiscus sp), Putat (Barringtonia sp), Bungur (Lagerstromia sp), Beringin (Ficus sp), and other sea vegetation.  This vegetation or other form were a contiguous forest community tertiary enough & heterogeneous; their presence and are also protected on damage possibility by human activities. After requesting permission from the fishermen families of this island, we establish the camp to shelter for here immediately.  After circling around the island, which only requires ± 15 minutes, it appeared that in addition to sandy beaches, coastal areas Kelapa Island is also a sandstone shore. It is estimated around 20% of the island is a vast coastal areas with sandstone rock composition. Beach sandstone is to attract the attention enough, especially the shape and pattern to give the feel of grandeur & masterpiece of nature. The composition of the rock is generally spread random, sometimes forming a small niche, and soar as high hills alone. Niche areas that are isolated remote from the mainland and relatively difficult to achieve. In addition, plus a few plants that grow in the sandstone, I said amazing!!!.

Not long after dusk has crawled and covers the entire area of this region. Me and my group prepare everything for the next day diving activities. While talking about joke, we are planning to make several dives success tomorrow. Besides, do not forget we just have the opportunity to be nice and conversational with the fisherman in this island and his family, we ask for their opinions to get interesting picture of the location and dive next day.

Tomorrow is a beautiful morning that we welcome so busy to be dipping in the prime Kelapa Island. All equipment is checked back and not forget to remind each other schedule or dives plan that we will do.  After warming up adequate, with the seriousness of our monastery each. Once perceived to be sufficient and safe, we immediately dive toward the area. I see clearly, if the area that will dive On our region is located only about 10 meters east of the base camp between the mainland parent (Kiluan Village region) and Kelapa Island. Quite calm waters of the region, with a flow of movements I do not expect more than 0.5 knots. Basic countur water and the sloping sand and water purification good enough, approximately 10 meters horizontal. According to the story of residents of the island, the maximum depth of only 20 meters.  After the share buddy, we immediately dived in the destination. The things that I do is look and determine the existence of the condition of coral reefs and associate biota in my notes and recorded in the picture. I estimate 50% of coral reefs cover is a living coral reef that is dominated by the form of coral Branching (fork), tabulate (table), massive (solid), mushroom coral, firecoral. Branching with the species of coral that is found Acropora sp, Montipora digitata, Porites cylindrica, and Pocillopora damicornis.  In addition to the species Branching coral, coral table that was found is one of the clan (genus) of Acropora, such as Acropora hyacinthus. While the speciess of coral reef species is massive and Porites sp, Favia sp that dominating. Then I find the species of fire coral, Millepora sp.

Besides the existence of coral reefs, also we found a variety of coral fish such as the Moorish idol / Banner fish (Heniochus sp and Zanclus sp), Angelfish (Chaetodonton sp), Bat fish (Platax teira), Damselfish (Pomacentrus sp and Dascyllus sp), Parrot fish (Bolbomethopon sp), Surgeon fish (Paracanthurus sp), Sergeant fish (Abudefduf sp), Lion fish (Pterois volitans), Trumpetfish (Aulostomus sp), Blenny fish (Crossosalarias sp), Goby fish (Fusigobius sp), Frog fish, fish Cardinal (Apogon sp), Cleaner wrasse (Labroides sp), and Anemon fish (Amphiprion sp). In general, coral fish that are found abundant relatively and widespread in the area of coral reef almost Kelapa Island, especially fish that have a commercial level as the ornamental fish and any species is quite diverse.

But suddenly I can be done and imposed by a building located behind the piles slab of coral life. The building is no other means of catching a fish called “bubu”. Bubu is the equipment that is usually made of wood or wire thick, square and equipped with a hole designed as the entrance point of fish but the fish can not exit. Based on my experience, every installation involves bubu always living coral reef that is taken by force by individual fishermen and used to cover the bubu.

So slab of coral reef life force that captured only be used as a mask so that the fish will be attracted and deceived to enter. If the fish is in, then trapped until the individual fishermen lift the bubu.

Generally, fish are trapped in the bubu this is the species of ornamental fish and have a high enough value in the market. Chance, bubu installation activities in the waters of Kelapa Island and the surrounding Kiluan Bay has long been done by individual fishermen. This is evident from the shape and bubu condition, and that is a fraction more than reefs off; of the previous installation bubu. Kelapa Island in the region of Kiluan Bay relatively isolated, facilitate the movements for raider-prison; the marine biota.  Unfortunately, indeed, because the existence of coral reefs are now threatened still be found as a result of catching fish with equipment such as bubu of iron wires made that use coral reefs as coverage. Added activities in the catchment area of coral reefs by using bombs that are still quite often happens in these waters and the use of Potassium Cyanide to catch ornamental fish and lobster. In general, the use of Potassium Cyanide is not directly damage the condition of coral reefs, but the only person on the radio. Usually the target animals (fish and lobster hiasa) that have been affected by the influence of the drug into a coral reef and then by individual fishermen destruction of coral reefs done to get the animal target.  Getting something with a population of compromising the life of another (coral) without taking into account that the population of the vulnerable are sacrificed and is essential for sustaining a variety of other marine biota, such as fish is a cruel activity. If this continues, then for the future with increasing or decreasing the loss of biological resources in the area of coral reefs will happen.  Almost 1.5 hours at the location of our first dive, and after adequate rest we continue dipping again in another location. This location is in the West and North islands. Generally, the condition of coral reefs and biota association is not much different from the initial location of our dives.  Next, our dive activities after the deal ends and all the equipment, followed by discussions about things that have been established in dives in the area of coral reef Kelapa Island. As the presence bubu, the condition of coral reefs, fish and other marine biota. Self tiring indeed, but with what is observed and seen, except on the findings bubu equipment, we just feel consoled by the condition of coral reefs in the waters of Kelapa Island. In fact, although far from human interaction many, the waters of the island region still has the natural and conditions present a good experience and provide means for us.  Once perceived to be enough, tomorrow after a farewell and to all the camping ground equipment, decided to end travel dive in the waters of Bay area Kiluan and after the farewell, we are prepared to travel home.

Amazon.com Widgets

In my jouney in Sebesi island, on July 31st – 1st August 2008

Biological condition of the Tejang Village Coastal and Regahan Lada Hamlet -ISLAND SEBESI

As a Efforts To Regional Development ecotourism Island

By. fd agung Widodo

Introduction

Lampung Province, which has a land area of 35376.5 ± Km2, located in the 103040 ‘BT up to 105050′ BT and 03045 ‘to 06045 LS’ LS with a long coastline ± 1,105 km (including some islands) is divided into 4 regional waters, among other West Coastal waters (± 210 km), Semaka Bay (± 200 km), Lampung Bay and the Sunda Strait (± 160 km), and East Coastal (± 270 km). Not so surprising if the waters of the region of Lampung Province has the potential for the development of tourism activities that environmental or better known as ecotourism. However, all the necessary support by all parties, both local government, central government, and citizens. Besides, monitoring of these areas needs to be done, so it can be used as reference material for publication tourism facilities. One of these activities is monitoring the condition of coastal biology, such as the condition of coral reef ecosystems, forests, beaches, forests and mangrove forests.

One of the islands in the area of waters of the Bay of Lampung, Lampung Province is the Sunda Island Sebesi. The islands have a wide ± 2,620 ha of this, administratively located in the area of South Lampung regency, and have topographic region sloping plains to form a high altitude so that the distance from the visible face of such high-pitched hill or mountain above the sea surface covered by various types of plants that dominated the tree coconut, while the coastal areas form of rock and sand substrates. Besides, this island is one of the islands nearest populated area with the Nature Reserve of Krakatau Islands, so that in the southern islands (Gubug Seng Hamlet) can be seen the view of Krakatau Islands. Island villages have Sebesi parent, the Village supervise Tejang of several hamlets such as Regahan Lada, Segenom, and Gubug Seng. Biology Coastal Condition  of Sebesi island coastal areas that have enough variety. The coastal regions have generally can be found in the area of the North-West Power islands and sandy beaches, muddy areas in the East to the South Sea islands. Meanwhile the own vegetation consists of forest trees from the beach (the South-North) and of tidal forest / mangrove as Avicenia and Rizhopora (the South – East Sea). This is related to the composition of substrate for the growth and development of the vegetation is generally quite diverse. In the substrate consisting of sand-rock, growing vegetation of the coastal forest as Waru (Hibiscus sp), Hamilton (Terminalia sp), Beringin (Ficus sp), Duri Pandan (Pandanus tectorius), Cemara (Casuarina sp) and Putat (Barringtonia sp). Meanwhile, in the substrate, which consists of mud, sand, in general, the vegetation of the mangrove forest what dominate as Rhizopora sp (Mangroves), Avicenia sp (Api-api), and Sonneratia sp (Bogem). Tejang Village and Regahan Lada Hamlet that is located on the East and Southeast of Sebesi Island, although not as extensive coastal vegetation have good enough. In addition to the vegetation of coastal forests such as Putat, Ficus, Cemara, and the thorny Pandan, was also found mangrove forest vegetation, such as its Api-api, Bakau, and Bogem. The existence of mangrove fore while the soft coral generally dominated by Xenia sp, Sarcophyton sp, and Sinularia sp and is estimated to grow to cover this area, about 25%.

Same as well as hard coral, soft coral grow on dead coral substrate and can be found at a depth of 2 meters to 5 meters. Both these groups of coral compete with the existence of other lines such as fire coral (Millepora sp), the producer of lime Hallimeda sp Garden plants and Sponge. itself is not separate from the interaction with the source of fresh water and substrate, which consists mainly of mud and a little sand.  In the area of coral reefs its own, around the island Sebesi is quite ideal to grow and develop diverse coral animals. However, the condition is quite alarming, this is due high enough to the use of the bomb before the year 2000 and further still use of the equipment traditional instrument for fish catching as bubu by the fishermen.  In the end, the activity of catching the sea area around the coral reefs by fishermen leave the disintegration of the coral reef ecosystem itself, which is now dominated by the only type of Garden plants of Hallimeda sp and Sargassum sp. This condition can be seen for all areas of coral reef on the Sebesi island. In fact, Sebesi Island Regional have Marine Protection (above sea level), which aims to maintain the ecosystem of coral reef itself. One of the places are Tejang village in and Regahan Lada Hamlet. In Tejang Village, the area above sea level itself ± 7 Ha, who is in the burn Jawo (residents call Sawo Island). Char (patch Reef) itself is a coral reef area that based on the formation of coral reefs form a separate shallow areas of the Sawo island.  have singed the animal diversity of coral reefs, both of the hard coral (hard corals) and soft coral (soft corals). For hard coral can be found the presence Goniophora sp, Stylophora sp, Acropora sp, Porites sp, Montipora sp, Poccilopora verrucosa, Pectinia sp, and Fungia sp. Coral-reef is generally grown on the substrate and dead coral can be found at a depth of 2 meters to 9 meters. It is estimated the condition of hard coral living in the Sawo Islang above sea level about 20%.

Besides the existence of coral reefs, also found the other associations such as mollusk  biota that have not sell as nudibranch (seaslug) from the species of Phyllidia sp and Chromodoris sp, reef fish from the group Pomacanthridae (damselfish), Scaridae (Parrotfish), Chaetodontidae (butterflyfish), and anemon fish (Amphiprion sp), sea star Fromia sp, sea Lily (Cenometra bella), and Tridacna sp clam. The existence of this biota association with the very existence depends on the coral reef area and together form a relationship in one ecosystem.

In addition to the presence of marine protected areas in the village of Tejang, Regahan Lada has a coral reef rehabilitation of areas with coral transplantation techniques. Coral transplantation is a model of multiplication artificial coral reef inplan do with the artificial substrate (a mixture of cement-sand). Inplan this is a fragment or small pieces of coral reef which was obtained from the region Sebesi Island waters or from neighboring islands. Then the fragment will be put on coral or substrate media, which is made from a mixture of cement-sand. Substrate can be a block or a square block and a block layout designed, so that the form such as building shelves.  Coral reefs have been planted that has been generally successful, but there are some who experienced the death of the disturbances around the reef as transplan covering by Garden plants, the mud brought by water flow, or also because irrespective of the union.  Thus glimpse of the coastal biological Sebesi Island. It is expected that with a little of this information, all parties will be more responsive and trying to participate to maintain the sustainability and the importance of their presence as one of the capital and sustainable support to improve the resilience of the economy through environmental tourism (ecotourism). For the future we will be more aware hopefully of human behavior that causes changes in the environment capacity will cause damage, therefore the ecosystem is vulnerable, such as the coastal forest ecosystem, mangrove forests and coral reefs. If this happens, it will be very harmful of all parties and therefore, hopefully the government and each people will help to participate in the planning and rehabilitation activities for the restoration of conditions that have damaged the environment around us in this. Hopefully …

Bandung Jaya-Kiluan Bay-Lampung-INDONESIA

Bandung Jaya-Kiluan Bay

An Object of the tour based Ecology (ecotourism)

By fd agung widodo

Introduction

Lampung Province, which has a land area of 35376.5 ± Km2 including the 69 islands, located in the 10304′ BT up to 10505  BT and 03 045 LS to 06 045 LS with a long coastline ± 1,105 km (including some islands) is divided into 4 areas waters, among other West Coastal waters area (± 210 km), Semaka Bay area (± 200 km), Lampung Bay and the Sunda Strait area (± 160 km), and East Coastal waters area (± 270 km).

Kiluan Bay located in the Semaka Bay region and most of the region Tanggamus district, the region has a coastline to the hills. For certain circles, this bay is known for long enough because in this region can be found of dolphins in large numbers and is a regional fisheries potential (Fishing Week 2006 I and II, 2007) to be developed into tourist fishing. In this area can be found Sea Turtle nursery Program too (DKP Lampung in 2007) because in this region is a place of laying (spawning grounds) of various species of sea turtles, such as Eretmocelys imbricata.

This region can be achieved through the sea more than 3 hours of the Fish Auction Center Lempasing. In addition, can also be reached overland by car (only until the Pekon Kiluan Affairs) and motorcycles (up to Bandung JayaHamlet) for more than 1.5 – 2 hour journey from the city of Bandar Lampung. Through this road, visitors will get a beauty landscape of the natural hills and valleys, plus a field that was quite other challenging of the land therefore the vehicles also prime mental readiness and expertise drive from the visitors required. Although the street a little steep (pass through the border Subdistrict Padang Cermin), this will feel comfortable because we will be got a coastal landscape areas such as added and the green hills.

Demographic and socioeconomic

Bandung Jaya village population is quite diverse, this can be found when visiting the region. The population now inhabit the village of Bandung Jaya derived from the tribe of Java, Banten, Bali, Sundanese, Bugis, and the indigenous population (IL). The main livelihood of the people are fishermen, so they rely entirely on the resources of the abundant sea is relatively. Residents of this village of fishermen normally use only a traditional boat namely was jukung, and equipment such as traditional fishing nets, that be called as rawai. In general, they catch fish, such as Abu-abu (cob), tuna, tenggiri, lemadang / senggeranai (dolphin head fish), and marlin / setuhuk (seasonal), and with the results of this sea, they try to be adequate to the needs of everyday life.

In addition to the fishermen, residents also land around the settlement as a farmer garden. They generally cultivating area of plantation crops with cocoa, pepper, rice (rain fields and fed rice fields), and plant vegetables such as long bean. In addition of plantations planted also by annual crops such as coconut, mango and Parkia speciosa. How to raise their generally not intensive, because it still depends on natural conditions that had been existed (rain fed paddy fields or rice land).

With  the plantation of crops like cocoa and pepper, they usually have to have skills plantation pattern. But the results of processing cocoa plantations, for example, they still strive because they are in the process harvest unknown itself.

Biogeographic Conditions

Besides as a place-based ecological tourism (ecotourism), the dolphins existence and where potential sport fishing, Kiluan Bay also save the coastal hills geographically with panoramic views and natural beautiful enough. Landscape is quite hilly areas of challenge and is ideal for outdoor activities or tracking. Meanwhile, the Biological, a land area of Bandung Jaya hamlet, which is a region dominated by plantation crops, is also the residence of various insects such as butterfly and a variety of plants such as mushrooms.

The coastal area that had the compositions of rocks , sand, forests, mangrove areas (mangroves) and coastal forest (Littoral forest) to add distinctive charm. More than 4 species of mangrove forest vegetation (plants) which can be found around the village of Bandung Jaya, such as Mangroves (Rhizophora sp), Api-api (Avicenia sp), Nypa (Nypa fruticans), Drujon / Deruju (Acanthus ilicifolius). Generally, the mangrove forest that had been located in this village were still intact and can be adequately communicating with the local community.

Besides the existence of mangrove forest, Bandung Jaya Hamlet and the surrounding vegetation has a composition of a coastal beach forest trees that grow on the rock and sand substrate. More than 3 species of trees that were usually found in this coastal hamlet, such as Waru (Hibiscus sp), Hamilton (Terminalia sp), and later species of sea (Ficus sp).

The varied potential of the above, is not surprised if Kiluan Bay area can become the regional destination based ecology (ecotourism), which if managed well will probably not become a destination of potential domestic and foreign, which will increase the economic income either the government or the local community. Besides, the existence of this region can give meaning to the education sector, so that insight and awareness-education skills coastal communities on the importance and beauty of coexistence with nature can be realized immediately. Indeed, all will need each other and themselves are related to both the residents and stakeholders. However, this is a togetherness and participation in supporting one of the government program “Visit Indonesia 2008”.

my Journey on Nov. 08

Puhawang Island in the News
By. FDA Widodo

Introduction
Puhawang, a island that located Lampung Bay waters area, Lampung has the region that is quite diverse topography. The island has a broad more than 694 ha, that divided into the hamlet in Puhawang Village as a parent. Shows such as villages in the mainland parent (Sumatra), the island is densely populated enough. This island is the most populous island nearest the mainland parent. Approximately 15 minutes by boat from the harbor boat, the nearest mainland parent (Sub-district Padang Cermin, Lampung), the island could be achieved.

itself administratively of Puhawang island located in the District government Pesawaran with a total population reached 250 people that spread into several small hamlets such as Suak Buah, Cukuh Nyai, Jelarangan, and at the same time Hamlet Village Pegetahan or Puhawang. In addition densely populated, this village has a diverse ethnic and cultural as well. In this village could be found tribe of Banten, Sunda, Lampung, Java and other living side by side with one another. On average, the island has a population of livelihood as traditional fishermen. However, there are also some land to grow crops such as cocoa plantations, durian, the land of rice and other crops planting.

Biogeography Conditions

Actually, Puhawang Island divided into two islands, namely Puhawang Island and Puhawan Kecil what had no more than 11 ha in broad. Puhawang kecil not inhabited by the population, but the villa had been established ownership by a French citizen. So automatically, any activity near the villa must obtain the permission of the local watchman.

In addition of a fisherman and horticulturalists, some of the people who have enough capital has been a revolution in local waters to be developed into areas where the mariculture of grouper fish species (Ephinepellus sp) in Nets (KJA=Keramba Jaring Apung).

In general, the mainland of Puhawang Island that resembles form a high altitude hills that land has been cultivated by local people for horticulturalists. While the coastal area divided into various forests of the coast areas, such as mangrove forest (mangrove), the sea grass areas (sea grass), and coral reef area.

In addition of the mangrove forest diversity, coral species in the waters of Island Puhawang also quite high. No less than 50 species of coral, which is divided into soft corals and hard corals were at a depth of between 2 m – 15 m. However, the existence of coral animals are less threatened by the biological consequences because Acanthaster planci (The Crown of thorns Starfish) that the increased population. One thing that have been the increasing number of The Crown of thorns Starfish is the result of predatory animals was the decreasing, such as flyblow Triton shells (Charonia tritonis) like The Crown of thorns Starfish and Parrot fish, which also increasingly rare presence. everything will be normal, if their own people wasn’t trying to fix the mistakes that have been done.




Indonesia

Mangrove Forests of Indonesia

By. fd agung Widodo

Is the name of the mangrove forest for the trees vegetation that occupy the beaches in the muddy tidal area from the point pairs retreated to the highest or the lowest often called the forest grows water, forests or tidal mangrove forest, and divided into the estuary / delta, estuary river / lagoon, and the island. The tropical coastal communities of Mangrove vegetation are dominated by several species of mangrove trees that are able to grow and develop in the region tidal muddy or sandy beaches. Examples of tree species, mangrove trees, api-api (Avicennia spp), mangrove (Rhizophora spp), and nipah (Nypa fruticans).

This is a mangrove forest ecosystem of coastal areas is very important for the sustainability of life, support various marine biota and physical function as a barrier to abrasion due to the wave of sea water. Biologically, mangrove forest ecosystem is a habitat for various wildlife, among other reptiles and fish, which have economic value and biological, such as milkfish, shrimp and Belanak. In addition, mangrove forest ecosystem is supporting the culture fisheries. Benefits and uses of mangrove forests for human life, among others, can be used as firewood, building materials, fertilizer, raw materials, paper, food, medicine, household equipment, raw materials, textiles and as a place of recreation (tourism).  The function and role of mangrove forest ecosystem is very important as a place for spawning ground, keep the fish, looking for shelter and food for fish. Therefore, sustainability must be maintained. Decrease the quality and quantity of mangrove forest ecosystem would threaten the preservation of the habitat and will threaten the life of fauna.

The adaptation ability of the mangrove forest to survive in the shallow waters is the root of short and wide landscape, with roots buffer or cap the growth of roots and limb stems that guarantee strength stem; leaved strong and contain more water; Having the internal network to save water and a high salt content.  Environmental factors that affect of mangrove survival and growth are:  1)brackish water supply.  2) food or nutrition supply, and   3) the nutrients was normally.

Some of the impact of human activities that affect the ecosystem, among others:  1) As the trees are not confident that the removal of the mangrove forest is not functioning as a regional search for food and maintenance of the optimal region for various of fish and shrimp in young stadium had commercial value.  2) the flow of fresh water, for example in the development of irrigation that lead to increased salinity of the mangrove forest causing the domination of the species that is more tolerant of water became more salty; some fish and shrimp in the level flyblow and juvenille may be unable to tolerate the salinity increase, because they are more sensitive to changes in the environment. The declining level of fertility supplies, mangrove forest because of substance-burly substances through the reduced flow of fresh water.  3) Pollution due of oil spills in a large number that caused the death of mangrove trees.  4) mining activities that result in total destruction of mangrove forest ecosystems in mining areas so that destroy areas of maintenance (nursery ground) for flyblow, young fish and shrimp off the coast, thus threatening fish and shrimp regenerating them.

In Indonesia, the mangrove forest to a reduction of 5.2 million ha (1982) to 3.2 million ha (1987). In the early 1990s, the vast mangrove forest, reached 2.5 million ha, with 89 types of vegetation and found that reduced again to be 2.4 million ha (1993) due to large-scale degradation. Degradation of mangrove forest on their own are generally due to conversion of land for ponds, agriculture, housing, ports, land, industry, mining, and industrial raw materials for pulp or paper.

Here is of the mangrove forest areas in Indonesia:

First Regional                    Area (Ha)            Now (Ha)     Protected Area (Ha)
Sumatra                                  857,000            485,025             61,900
Java, Bali                                171,500                19,577               2,600
Nusa Tenggara                        38,600               25,300                2,500
Kalimantan                        1,092,000            353,450              78,000
Sulawesi                                  272,500               84,833                 6,300
Maluku and Papua           4,129,000       2,450,185             680,900
Source: Wetlands International IP. 1998.

LIST OF REFERENCES

• Dahuri, R., J. Rais., S.P. Ginting, and M.J. Sitepu. 2001. Management of Coastal Resources and the Integrated Ocean. Pradnya Paramita. Jakarta.
• Mackinnon, K., Hatta, G., Halim, and Mengalik, A. 2000. Ecology of Kalimantan. Benhallindo. Jakarta
• DEWAN MARITIM INDONESIA. 2005. Understanding Environmental Sea. Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries. Jakarta
• Spalding, Mark. 1998. Convenor Mangroves for the guide. Cambridge Coastal Research Unit. Department of Geography University of Cambridge. Cambridge CB2 3EN. UK.
• Wetlands International IP. 1998. An overview of Indonesia’s Wetland site II (Includes Philippines Wetland in the data base). Wetland International IP – PHKA Jakarta.

(snippets papers that I give the younger sister-in several high school Lampung Prov – Jan to  Nov 08)